In a skillet, heat about 1 cup of vegetable oil over medium heat. Once hot, add sliced shallots. Fry until golden brown and crispy, about 5-7 minutes. Remove with a slotted spoon and drain on paper towels. Set aside.
In the same skillet, add 2 tablespoons of sesame oil. Sauté pressed garlic until fragrant, about 30 seconds. Add cubed chicken thighs, season with 2 tablespoons fish sauce, and cook until browned and cooked through, about 6-8 minutes.
Pour in 2-3 quarts of low-salt chicken broth and bring to simmer. Add broken rice stick noodles and cook according to package instructions, about 5-7 minutes, stirring occasionally.
Add long beans (or chosen vegetables) to skillet. Cook an additional 2-3 minutes until tender but crisp.
Stir in remaining 2 tablespoons fish sauce, lime juice, raw sugar, and a pinch of cayenne pepper. Taste and adjust seasoning if needed.
Divide noodles among bowls. Top with crispy shallots, chopped cilantro, green onions, and peanuts. Serve with hot chili sauce on the side for extra heat.