Cook the penne pasta in a large pot of salted boiling water according to package directions until just al dente; drain and set aside.
Cut the chicken into 1-inch pieces and season with salt and pepper.
Heat the olive oil in a large skillet over medium-high heat, then add the chicken and sauté until browned and cooked through, about 5–7 minutes; remove any excess juices if needed.
Add the minced onion, diced red bell pepper, and diced asparagus to the skillet with the chicken and sauté until the vegetables are tender, about 8–10 minutes.
Remove the chipotle peppers from the can, reserve the adobo sauce, and dice the peppers. Add about 3 tablespoons of the diced chipotles and the minced garlic to the skillet and sauté for 1–2 minutes more.
Pour in 1/4 cup of the reserved adobo sauce, 1/4 cup honey, and 2 cups heavy cream; stir in 1/2 cup shredded Parmesan and season with salt and pepper to taste.
Add the cooked pasta and frozen peas to the skillet, bring to a gentle boil, then reduce heat and simmer for 5 minutes until sauce thickens and peas are heated through.
Remove from heat, stir in chopped cilantro if using, and serve topped with additional shredded Parmesan.