Pour 2 cups low-sodium chicken (or vegetable) broth into the Instant Pot inner pot. Stir in 2 teaspoons minced garlic, 1/2 teaspoon kosher salt, and 1/2 teaspoon black pepper.
Layer 8 ounces of fettuccine noodles (broken in half) into the broth, arranging them crisscrossed so they are evenly distributed and less likely to stick.
Scatter 1 tablespoon cubed unsalted butter over the noodles, then pour 1 cup heavy cream evenly over the top.
Close the lid and turn the valve to sealed. Select High Pressure (Manual/Pressure Cook) and set the cook time to 6 minutes.
When the cooking program finishes, let the pressure release naturally for 5 minutes.
After 5 minutes, carefully move the valve to venting to release the remaining pressure slowly, then open the lid.
Stir the noodles into the sauce. It’s okay if there is extra liquid; the pasta will absorb some as it rests.
Stir in 1/2 cup freshly grated Parmesan cheese. Replace the lid and let the fettuccine sit for a couple of minutes so the cheese melts into the sauce.
Serve immediately, adding extra Parmesan if desired.